总生气，身体会发生什么变化？

你还可能关心的 2 个问题：

1. 生气能否导致癌症，尤其是乳腺癌？

遗憾的是，目前的研究结论尚不足以证实生气会导致癌症，也没有发现明确的相关性。

有一些文献指出，癌症患者大多倾向于长期压抑自己的愤怒，不过这与愤怒「导致癌症」并不一样。丹麦的科学家设计了一项雄心勃勃的大研究——一项囊括将近 6 万人、随访长达 30 年的大型人群队列研究。科学家们发现，无论人的个性是外向还是内向，是神经质还是沉稳，都与癌症的发生风险无关，跟患癌后的死亡率也无关。

所谓「总生闷气致癌」「C型人格致癌」，目前还没有确凿的证据。

另外很多人认为乳腺结节、增生等问题和生气也有关系。长期精神压力会导致性激素分泌改变，可能会影响到乳腺，但目前也尚无充足的证据来证明这一点。

不过，生气会带来其他的健康问题，所以还是少生气为妙。

2. 发泄愤怒，并不会减少愤怒情绪

上世纪 70 年代，心理咨询有过一阵潮流，会引导人发泄愤怒。但后来，更详细的研究发现，当发泄不能解决愤怒背后的问题时，单纯进行发泄不但不会缓解心理压力，反而会带来更多的愤怒情绪。

让愤怒更健康，重点在于不要被愤怒掌控、不要被情绪压倒。愤怒可以提供一种动力，帮你认识到自己为何生气，并积极回应这种情绪，利用愤怒，并使用更理智的手段来解决问题。

本文审核专家：郭潇 卓正医疗 内科医生 心血管专科医生

本文审核专家：丁超 浙江省肿瘤医院 肿瘤科主治医师

策划：ZYing  |   监制：Feidi

插画：苏   |   封面图来源：苏

参考文献：

[1] Nakaya N, Bidstrup PE, Saito-Nakaya K, et al. Personality traits and cancer risk and survival based on Finnish and Swedish registry data. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(4):377-85.

[2]Hendricks, L., Bore, S., , Aslinia,D., & Morriss, G. (2013). The effects of anger on the brain and body. National Forum Journal of Counseling and Addiction, 2, 1-12.

[3]Spielberger, C. D., Krasner, S. S., & Solomon, E. P. (1988). The experience, expression, and control of anger. In Individual differences, stress, and health psychology (pp. 89-108). Springer, New York, NY.

[4]Boerma, C. (2007). Physiology of anger. Retrieved from http://healthmad.com/mental-health/physiology-of-anger/

[5]Levenstein S, Rosenstock S, Jacobsen R K, et al. Psychological stress increases risk for peptic ulcer, regardless of Helicobacter pylori infection or use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs[J]. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2015, 13(3): 498-506. e1.

[6]Bresnick W H, Rask-Madsen C, Hogan D L, et al. The effect of acute emotional stress on gastric acid secretion in normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients[J]. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 1993, 17(2): 117-122.

[7]Diong S M, Bishop G D. Anger expression, coping styles, and well-being[J]. Journal of Health Psychology, 1999, 4(1): 81-96.

[8]过度通气综合征 https://www.msdmanuals.cn/professional/pulmonary-disorders/symptoms-of-pulmonary-disorders/hyperventilation-syndrome

[9]Mostofsky E, Penner E A, Mittleman M A. Outbursts of anger as a trigger of acute cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. European heart journal, 2014, 35(21): 1404-1410.

[10]Siegman A W. Cardiovascular consequences of expressing, experiencing, and repressing anger[J]. Journal of behavioral medicine, 1993, 16(6): 539-569.

[11]Gouin J P, Kiecolt-Glaser J K, Malarkey W B, et al. The influence of anger expression on wound healing[J]. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2008, 22(5): 699-708.

[12]Mento C, Rizzo A, Muscatello M R A, et al. Negative emotions in skin disorders: A systematic review[J]. International Journal of Psychological Research, 2020, 13(1): 71-86.

[13]Sun P, Wei S, Wei X, et al. Anger emotional stress influences VEGF/VEGFR2 and its induced PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway[J]. Neural plasticity, 2016, 2016.

[14]Bruno A, Pandolfo G, Scimeca G, et al. Anger in health, benign breast disease and breast cancer: a prospective case–control study[J]. in vivo, 2014, 28(5): 973-977.

[15]Kazén M, Kuenne T, Frankenberg H, et al. Inverse relation between cortisol and anger and their relation to performance and explicit memory[J]. Biological psychology, 2012, 91(1): 28-35.

[16]Romero-Martínez Á, Moya-Albiol L. High anger expression is associated with reduced cortisol awakening response and health complaints in healthy young adults[J]. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2016, 19.

[17]Karraker A, Schoeni R F, Cornman J C. Psychological and cognitive determinants of mortality: Evidence from a nationally representative sample followed over thirty-five years[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2015, 144: 69-78.

[18]Trudel-Fitzgerald C, Reduron L R, Kawachi I, et al. Specificity in associations of anger frequency and expression with different causes of mortality over 20 years[J]. Psychosomatic medicine, 2021, 83(5): 402-409.

[19]Greer, S. & Morris, T. (1975). Psychological attributes of women who develop breast cancer: A controlled study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 19, 147-153.

[20]Thomas S P, Groer M, Davis M, et al. Anger and cancer: an analysis of the linkages[J]. Cancer Nursing, 2000, 23(5): 344-349.

[21]White, V.M., English, D.R., Coates, H., Lagerlund, M., Borland, R., et al. (2007). Is cancer risk associated with anger control and negative affect? Findings from a prospective cohort study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 667-674.

[22]Chiriac V F, Baban A, Dumitrascu D L. Psychological stress and breast cancer incidence: a systematic review[J]. Clujul Medical, 2018, 91(1): 18.

[23]Rymarczyk K, Turbacz A, Strus W, et al. Type C personality: conceptual refinement and preliminary operationalization[J]. Frontiers in Psychology, 2020, 11: 552740.

[24]What Constitutes "Healthy Anger"? https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/overcoming-destructive-anger/201608/what-constitutes-healthy-anger